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WILLIAM PITT ^' 



AS THE 



PATRON OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 



BY THE REV. CARLOS SLAFTER, A.M. 



BOSTON: 1896. 



Ens 



WILLIAM PITT, THE PATRON OF THE AMERICAN 

COLONIES. 



By Carlos Slafter. 

YOU doubtless all remember that Robert Burns said of his 
Epistle to a Young Friend, " Perhaps it may turn out a 
song, perhaps a sermon." As I am quite sure my production 
will " turn out a sermon," I have chosen a text which you will 
find on the west face of the Pillar of Liberty, in these words : 
Maxime Patrono Pitt. 

Inscription on Pillar of Liberty. 

According to the 
Diary of Dr. Nath- 
aniel Ames, these 
words were chis- 
eled in the hard 
granite on the 11 th 
or 12th day of 
July, 1766. Their 
author was doubt- 
less Dr. Ames him- 
self, under the 
advice, however, of 
the Sons of Lib- 
erty, an assocation, 
or society, whose members were to be found, probably, in all the 
more important towns of the thirteen American Colonies. 



TKeTiIlar of Liberty 

ErccldfcyiKe Sons of liberty 

anthis \Acini1y 

Laus DEO REGi,etlminunitat'" 
autoribusq-maxinielatifono 
Pitt, oai KcmpuL-Turfumevulfii. 
Faucltus Ord 



This paper was read at a meeting of tlie Dedham Historical Society, 
held on May 7, 1896. For a full account of the Pillar, by Erastus Worthington, 
see Anniversary Proceedings of the Town, 1886, pages 170-177, and for a brief 
account see Kegistek, I. 140. A view of the Pillar and bust as they appeared 
in 1802 will be found in Vol. I. page 121. See also Vol. II. pages 60, 96, 97, 118. 



2 

"Patrono", as it is used in this connection, expresses the rela- 
tion in which William Pitt was regarded as standing to the 
American Colonies. The question at once arises whether this 
relation of patron, or protector, was purely voluntary, for which 
no compensation was promised, or expected. I find no intima- 
tion from any source that any hope of reward influenced the 
Great Commoner to espouse the cause of the colonies. But the 
fact that he voluntarily took up their defence, and gave them 
the benefit of his matchless eloquence and wide popularity, made 
tl^em eager to engrave on imperishable stone their acknowledg- 
ment that he was the chief defender of their liberties. 

By the word patrono, then, we are reminded that in a Par- 
liament 3000 miles away, he stood as the one distinguished 
protector of Colonial rights, and was regarded by the colonists 
themselves as having peculiar claims to their confidence and 
affection. The freedmen of ancient Rome had their patrons, 
generally their former masters, to defend their interests : so the 
freemen of America, who had never been, and never could be, 
slaves, looked to William Pitt as their patron, who had now a 
second time rescued them from impending serfdom. Such are 
the ideas suggested by the word "patrono", which the stone-cutter 
•Howard entrusted to the granite block, still remaining to express 
the gratitude of men who then were content to be the subjects 
of a British sovereign. 

An inscription of this import would not have been made at a 
much later day. It was among the later avowals of colonial 
allegiance and loyalty; and as the name of Pitt alone of all the 
great Englishmen of that time was thus honored, it becomes us 
to keep ourselves familiar with a character which was so revered 
both in England and throughout her colonies. To enable us to 
do this, I have collected from various sources some facts of his 
remarkable career, giving special attention and prominence to 
those which connected him with the history of the American 
Colonies and their struggle in defence of their liberties. 

William Pitt belonged to a family "not of great distinction, 
but well respected," that held the suffrage rights of Old Sarura, 



which at a later period became the type of rotten boroughs as 
they were represented in parliament. He was born at West- 
minster, November 15, 1708, the second son of Robert Pitt and 
the grandson of Thomas, who was known in England as Diamond 
Pitt. This appellation was applied to him from the fact, that 
when he was governor of Madras, or Fort St. (xeorge, he came 
into possession of what was then supposed to be the largest dia- 
mond known. This stone of the first water weighed 146 carats, 
and he sold it to the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, for 
X135,000, or about $675,000. The Pitt diamond was the best 
in quality of all the great diamonds, and when it had afterwards 
been placed in the crown of France was called the Regent. Its 
value was then estimated at 500,000 pounds sterling, or about 
two and a half million dollars. With a part of the proceeds of 
this diamond Thomas Pitt bought the " burgage tenures " of Old 
Sarum, which in plain English means, I suppose, the right of 
•representing that borough in the English House of Common*. 
This right, I think, was exercised successively by the grand- 
father, father, and oldest brother of William Pitt, and finally by 
William Pitt himself. Such in brief was the value of the dia- 
mond to the fortunate Pitt family. 

We are reminded very early in our study of Pitt's life that 
he was a genuine Englishman, for he inherited the gout largely ; 
which legacy began to make itself felt even when he was a stu- 
dent at Eton preparing for the University of Oxford. In Jan- 
uary, 1726, he entered Trinity College, but his gout allowed him 
no peace there ; and, before the year had expired, he sought and 
found partial relief in travel on the Continent. The time was 
not lost, however, for he made his excursions useful by studious 
observation of whatever came in his way. His father dying in 
1727, he was obliged to return to England, and, being destitute 
of income, he had to choose a calling by which he could live. 
He obtained a cornet's commission in the dragoons. This gave 
him a support and also furnished him the opportunity and 
inducement to study the nature and system of the militar}^ ser- 
vice, and to become acquainted with the personnel of the army 



and navy, which was doubtless of great value to him in later 
years. 

But in 1735, his older brother having been chosen to the 
House of Commons from another borough, William Pitt took the 
seat for Old Sarum. While in one sense he represented nobody, 
for Old Sarum was then a deserted borough, in another sense he 
represented himself, a force that was some day to sway all Eng- 
land. He soon made his influence felt in opposition to the gov- 
ernment headed by Robert Walpole. So, to cripple his young 
opponent, Sir Robert took away the cornet's commission, a most 
unwise step, which confirmed Pitt's opposition, and even sharp- 
ened it into personal hostility. The Prince of Wales, the leader 
of the opposition to Walpole, as an offset made the young com- 
moner an officer of his household, which brought him an 
income that more than compensated for the loss of his cornet's 
commission. 

Pitt had now reached a position for which nature had de- 
signed him. Oratory had no better field at that day than the 
English House of Commons. Speeches were made there to in- 
fluence its proceedings ; not, as our congressional harangues, to 
fill the newspapers and be read by the speaker's constituents. 
For that kind of speaking William Pitt had every qualification. 
Adopting the language of another, " He had all the natural 
gifts an orator could desire, a commanding presence, a graceful 
bearing, an eye of piercing brightness, and a voice of the utmost 
flexibility." But he had more substantial qualities than these. 
A fervent zeal and intense earnestness of soul beamed from 
every feature. A burning love of liberty, as Englishmen then 
understood it, and the most intense patriotism glowed in all his 
speeches. The welfare of the people and the glory of the em- 
pire formed the base line of all his doctrines and all his meas- 
ures. He aimed at grand results and could make his hearers 
anticipate them and commit themselves to their achievement. 

Mr. Pitt's speeches were, from the necessity of the times, 
very imperfectly reported. Dr. Samuel Johnson wrote down, 
and probably more than half composed, some of them for the 



Gentleman's Magazine. As an example of these we have the 
reply of Pitt to Walpole's sneers at his youth ; the substance is 
doubtless the orator's, the words are in the style of the famous 
reporter. Pitt's opposition to Walpole resulted in that stateman's 
ceasing to be Prime Minister in 1742. Macaulay intimates that 
the conduct of Mr. Pitt was unjustly severe, and scarcely honor- 
able ; but we may not pause to discuss that charge. 

Pitt was still a poor man ; but in 1744 he was surprised to 
receive a legacy of X10,000 from the estate of the Duchess of 
Marlborough. This gift was perhaps as expressive of her hatred 
of Walpole as of her admiration of the great commoner. How- 
ever, it was given, according to the words of her will, " upon ac- 
count of his merit in the noble defence he has made, for the 
support of the laws of England, and to prevent the ruin of his 
country." 

The king did not conceal his dislike of the man who had so 
boldly attacked the corruption and inefficiency of his ministers ; 
he persistently refused to give Mr. Pitt any position in the gov- 
ernment till the year 1746. But in February of that year Pitt 
was made Vice-Treasurer of Ireland ; and in the following June 
he was appointed Paymaster General of the king's forces. These 
offices gave Mr. Pitt an opportunity to display his public spirit 
and his integrity. Refusing to profit, as previous treasurers and 
paymasters had done, b}^ three or four thousand pounds annually 
by the interest of money lying in his hands and by one half per 
cent on all foreign subsidies, his conduct created that piihlic 
confidence which was the mainspring of Pitt's power as a states- 
man. No one before his day had refused these perquisites of 
office, and his subordinates were amazed at his disinterestedness 
and self-denial. It was soon everywhere known, and it estab- 
lished a popularity seldom, if ever, equalled in England. 

It would involve too many particulars, and call for too many 
explanations to follow William Pitt's career in all its mutations, 
its ups and downs, its successes and reverses. In his first expe- 
rience as Secretary of State in 1756, his power was so limited 
and thwarted by his associates in office, and his sovereign^ that 



all good results were neutralized ; and in 1756 he was dismissed 
for opposing the king's Continental, or perhaps we should say, 
Hanoverian policy. Yet this did not impair his popularity. 
Throughout England the chief towns "voted him addresses and 
the freedom of their corporations." 

The government was soon beset by difficulties and discour- 
agements : the voice of the discarded minister, as might be 
expected, did not cease to be heard in disparagement of its meas- 
ures. But in the course of time, after many weeks of negotia- 
tion, an arrangement was made between the Duke of Newcastle 
and Mr. Pitt, the former to be the nominal, the latter the virtual 
head of the Government. The foreign affairs of the realm were 
entirely at the great commoner's disposal. This celebrated ad- 
ministration extended from June, 1757, to October, 1761, a little 
more than four years, "during which," to borrow the language 
of another, " the biography of Pitt is the history of England." 

In an interview with King George II. at the opening of his 
official term, Mr. Pitt said, " Sire, give me your confidence and 
I will deserve it." To which the king replied, "Deserve my con- 
fidence and you shall have it." 

The public service, especially the military, soon felt the touch 
and pressure of Pitt's hand. He chose able men to command, 
and then gave them earnest and effective support. Said Sir 
James Porter, an experienced diplomat of long service, " Dur- 
ing Mr. Pitt's administration there was such accurate knowledge 
and such an active spirit to be seen in all the departments of 
state, and in all the concerns of the government, and such a 
striking alteration of manner, as well as in the matter, of official 
communications, that these circumstances alone would have per- 
fectly convinced me of Mr. Pitt's appointment, even if I had 
received no other notice of the event." 

Another high authority saj'^s : " While in office he held no 
levees, and acquired no possessions, but dedicated his whole time 
to the duties of his station." 

To Americans the most important work of Pitt's administra- 
tion was the conquest of Canada. Omitting all account of his 



success in the Indies by the agency of Lord Clive, and his per- 
formance in Europe by effectually aiding and securing the suc- 
cess of Frederic the Great, the results of his administration in 
America might be given in the following order: In 1758 Louis- 
burg and St. John were taken, and Forts Frontenac and Dns 
Quesne subdued. In 1759 Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown 
Point were taken, and as the crowning event of the year, the 
army of Montcalm was defeated and Quebec captured. Montreal 
was the prize of the campaign of 1760. This completed his first 
rescue of the Colonies from destruction, " faucibus orci." The 
next year, the last of his administration, he destroyed the French 
power in India and annihilated the French marine, capturing or 
destroying 44 ships of the line, carrying 50 to 84 guns each, 61 
frigates of 20 to 44 guns each, and 26 sloops of war, of 8 to 18 
guns each. That was the time when to love England meant 
fierce hatred of France. 

The blotting out of the French power in America left the Col- 
onies here in perfect security and content. Consequently William 
Pitt was without a rival in their esteem and affections. With 
reason they might style him Patronus, or Patronus Maximus. 

It is interesting to imagine Pitt's feelings as he beheld the 
fruits or results of his labors. He had planned the emancipation 
of America from French power and influence, and he now saw it 
as an Empire disenthralled. He desired to unite it to the mother 
country as a grand bulwark of her power and glory. He had 
indulged in noble visions of the future, and now he saw them 
advancing to become realities. 

The most valuable part of North America, the great bulk ©f 
it in fact, was to make the greater England if wisdom marked 
'the counsels of the British government. Pitt saw and felt deeply 
all this, and the vision took possession of his great soul and was 
the last theme of his eloquence. 

But, although the jDOwer of this master hand in the govern- 
ment had borne such noble fruits, it was near its end. George 
the Third came to the throne in 1760. He thoroughly disliked 
Williaiu Pitt. Bute was his favorite, and was soon made Secre. 



8 

tary of State. Pitt ceased to control the foreign affairs, and 
resigned his office in October, 17j61. A historian of the time 
attributed his fall to " the corruption and avarice of such as paid 
homage to the distribution of rewards ; " but he also adds, 
" although proscribed in the Court of his sovereign, he main- 
tained a place in the hearts of the people." 

Discouraged by the treatment received from the king, and 
broken in health, Mr. Pitt took no active part in politics for 
several years, seldom even appearing in parliament. But the 
expenses of the government in prosecuting the successful cam- 
paigns of his administration furnished the excuse for attempting 
to raise a revenue from the American Colonies ; and in 1765 , 
when Pitt was confined in his sick bed, the Stamp Act was 
passed. The excitement which the news of its passing occa- 
sioned in the Colonies was a great surprise to the friends of the 
measure. At first this hostility was regarded as too unreasonable 
to last, and a swift return to quiet acquiescence was generally 
looked for. But no abatement of the hostility was seen. An 
active and violeut opposition was developed in all the Colonies, 
and a few months later the necessity of its repeal was urged 
upon the parliament. Pitt then reappeared in the House of 
Commons contending that it was unconstitutional to tax the 
Colonies. 

Under date of March 31, 1766, Dr. Ames wrote in his diary 
as follows: "Mr. Pitt, that best of men & true patriot, engaged 
in behalf of America." Had his aid and influence been solicited ? 
As Dr. Franklin was then in Loudon, it is not unreasonable to 
suppose that the man, who could call down the lightnings from 
the clouds of heaven, did what he could to enlist in the cause of 
the Colonies the fiery eloquence of Mr. Pitt. But, however that 
may have been, the great commoner was earnest and bold in 
advocating the repeal. 

In reference to disorders caused by attempts to enforce the 
Act in Boston and elsewhere, he said, " I rejoice that America 
has resisted. Three millions of people so dead to all the feelings 
of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves, are fit instru- 



ments to make slaves of all the rest." Later on he used these 
remarkable words : " The Americans have been wronged. They 
have been driven to madness by your injustice. Will you pun- 
ish them for the madness which you yourselves have occasioned." 
As a result of his efforts, seconded and supported by an out- 
spoken popular sympathy for America, the Stamp Act was 
repealed, and King George gave his assent to the act of repeal 
March 18, 1766. How the news of that repeal was received in 
this town, and how it was commemorated, I need not relate. 

Another period of enforced rest and inactivity threatened 
Mr. Pitt, and the king took a new method of destroying his 
influence. Wm. Pitt was an Englishman; and you need not be 
told that few Englishmen can refuse a title of nobility. By con- 
fering an Earldom on Mr. Pitt, George III. took an easy method 
of removing him from the House of Commons, his appropriate 
field of action. 

Although this did not, so far as we can discover, change or 
vitiate Mr. Pitt's principles, or corrupt his political ideas ; yet it 
did destroy his popularity. As Earl of Chatham he lost that influ- 
ence which the name of Pitt everywhere carried with it. In the 
words of his biographer: "By accepting a peerage, he lost as 
much and as suddenly in popularity as he gained in dignity." 

As an illustration of this sudden change in the popular feel- 
ing, we have the fact that a banquet in honor of Wm. Pitt was 
in preparation, to be given in the city of London. But as soon 
as it was known that he had become Earl of Chatham, the grand 
entertainment was at once abandoned. 

But he was now so infirm in health, that under any circum- 
stances, he could have taken little part in public life. After a 
long season of confirmed and helpless invalidism, he resumed 
his seat in the House of Lords in the autumn of 4770, and his 
voice was again raised in opposition to the government's policy 
in respect to America. He urged the entire repeal of the Kev- 
enue Act of Charles Townsend. Lord North, on account of a 
petition from the merchants and traders of London, moved a 
partial relief ; but he declared that the duty on tea " must be 



10 

retained as a mark of supremacy of Parliament and the efficient 
declaration of the right to govern the Colonies." So the duty 
on tea was continued, the result doubtless of the persistency of 
George the Third, who was over-anxious to maintain the prerog- 
atives of his sovereignty. 

Lord Chatham's interest in the Colonies did not abate. In 
] 771 he said, " Were I ten years younger, or in good health, I 
would spend the remainder of my days in America." This seems 
to imply something more than interest ; in fact, something akin 
to admiration. 

In more than one conversation he was heard to say, "America 
would prove a staff to support the aged arm of Britain, the oak 
upon which she might hereafter lean, shielded and protected by 
filial duty and affection ; but his majesty's confidential advisers 
want to cut down the oak and plant their favorite weed of un- 
conditional surrender." 

In 1774 Lord Chatham, moved to withdraw the troops from 
Boston, assigning as his reason for this and other motions favor- 
ing the withdrawal of troops and ending the conflict, that " the 
mother country had been the aggressor from the beginning." 
Though some pronounced his language seditious, it produced 
no effect on his persistency in opposing the Colonial policy of 
the king and his ministers. 

On the 27th of May, 1774, he said : "I sincerely believe the 
destroying of the tea was the effect of despair." Also on the 
same occasion : " This, my Lords, has always been my received 
and unalterable opinion, and I shall carry it to my grave, that 
this country had no right under heaven to tax America." 

The address of the Continental Congress to the people of 
Great Britain in 1774, ends thus : " Place us in the same situ- 
ation that we were in at the close of the last war (that is in 
1762), and our former harmony will be restored." About the 
same time Lord Chatham wrote : " I fear the bond of union be- 
tween us and America will be cut off forever. Devoted England 
will then have seen her best days, which nothing can restore 
again." 



11 

On Jan. 20, 1775, Lord Chatham moved an address to the 
king, asking for the removal of the troops from Boston; 
and in reference to acts of Parliament, shutting up the port of 
Boston and altering the charter of Massachusetts Bay, he used 
these words: "I say we must necessarily undo these violent 
and offensive acts. They must be repealed : you will repeal 
them. I pledge myself for it, you will in the end repeal them. I 
stake my reputation on it. I will consent to be taken for an 
idiot if they are not finally repealed." 

On February 1st, 1775, Lord Chatham offered a bill for 
quieting the troubles in America. It relinquished all right of 
taxing the Colonies, repealed all obnoxious laws, and secured 
just rights of trial and also the authority of the Parliament. 
This pacification bill was of course rejected ; but the people took 
it up, and the Corporation of London thanked Chatham and his 
supporters. But troubles increased, and instead of pacification, 
the British king and ministry chose the arbitrament of war. For 
a while all opposition seemed to be useless. 

And yet Lord Chatham did not abandon hope of saving the 
Colonies. On the 13th of May, 1777, he made a motion to dis- 
continue the war in America, and said in support of it : "I mean 
the redress of all their grievances, and the right of disposing of 
their own money, leaving them in the same condition they were 
in before 1763, when they were entirely happy and contented." 
His efforts were of no avail, " madness ruled the hour." 

But Chatham did not change. Lord Percy moved an ad- 
dress, Nov. 18, 1777, in which the prosecution of the American 
war was recommended. This Chatham opposed in a noble 
speech, in which he employed these memorable words : "• My 
Lords, you cannot conquer America. Were I an American as I 
am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my 
country, I never would lay down my arms, never, never, never." 

Soon after this it became evident that the French, the na- 
tion which William Pitt had humbled and driven from America, 
would go to the aid of the Colonies. No wonder this stirred 
his indignation ; and when the Duke of Bedford, on the 7th of 



12 

April, 1778, moved an address to the king, in which the neces- 
sity of finally admitting the independence of America was insin- 
uated, Chatham, feeble and emaciated, had with much difficulty 
come in to hear the address. 

The dismemberment of the kingdom through French influ- 
ence and interference, troubled him exceedingly. He rose to 
speak with great difficulty. The opening of his speech was hardly 
audible ; but he raised his voice to something like his early vigor 
as he said, " Shall this great kingdom, that has survived whole 
and entire the Danish depredations, the Scottish inroads, and 
the Norman conquest, and has withstood the threatened invasion 
of the Spanish Armada, now fall prostrate before the House of 
Bourbon? Surely, my Lords, this nation is no longer what it 
was ! Shall a people that seventeen years ago was the terror of 
the world now stoop so low as to say to its ancient, inveterate 
enemy, 'Take all we have; only give us peace'? It is im- 
possible." 

Apparently much exhausted by this effort he took his seat, 
and Lord Temple suggested to him that he had forgotten to 
speak of the plan which he had communicated to him and was 
intending to urge upon the government, namely, to make such 
an impression upon France in Europe, that she would be unable 
to aid the Colonies ; and then to offer such a plan of union with 
the Americans as would reconcile them to the mother country 
and save the unity of the British Empire. Lord Chatham replied 
that he would speak again on those points. 

The Duke of Richmond spoke briefly in reply, when Lord 
Chatham attempted to rise again. But after two or three unsuc- 
cessful efforts he fainted and fell into his chair ; or, as some say, 
fell down in an apoplectic fit. He was carried out in an insen- 
sible condition, and was removed immediately to his private villa 
at Hayes, where he languished till the eleventh of May, 1778. 

Col. Barre communicated the news of his death to the House 
of Commons. On this occasion all appearance of party was 
extinguished by the general sadness, and Col. Barre at once 
moved, "That an humble address be presented. 'That his 



13 

Majesty will be generously pleased to give directions that the 
remains of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, be interred at the 
public expense, and that a monument be erected in the collegiate 
church of St. Peter, Westminster, to the memory of that great 
and excellent statesman, bearing an inscription expressive of the 
sentiments of the people on so great and irreparable a loss." 

Lord North came in while this motion was reading ; and, on 
learning what the proposals were, expressed his regret at not 
having been present to make the motion himself. The motion 
was agreed to unanimously. 

Lord John Cavendish proposed in the House of Lords " that 
ample provision be made for the family of the man who had, 
whilst in the nation's service, neglected his own affairs and never 
availed himself of the greatest opportunities of enriching 
himself." 

Appropriate eulogies were pronounced in both Houses of 
Parliament ; and one speaker, referring to his last hours, said, 
" His whole study, his whole employment, his only attention 
were the exaltation of his country and the humiliation of her 
enemies. He grieved at the prohibition laid on the execution of 
his plans ; and he died in an effort to preserve the dominion of 
a continent which he had in part acquired, and would have 
wholly secured to the British name forever." 

I will add to this the words of an unknown author, who 
seems to have given in two sentences a good explanation of Pitt's 
mighty influence. " He was the first to discern that public opin- 
ion, though slow to form, and slow to act, is in the end the par- 
amount jiower in the state, and he was the fii-st to use it, not in 
an emergency merely, but throughout a whole political career. 
To the people of England and her Colonies, he was endeared, 
as a statesman who could do, or suffer nothing base : and he had 
the rare power of transf using his own indomitable energy and 
courage into all who served under him." 

This paper, ladies and gentlemen, to which you have listened, 
I fear, at the expense of much patience, is the result of an effort 
to satisfy myself that the Sons of Liberty bestowed on the name 



14 

of William Pitt no empty or undeserved honor. I have been 
gratified in finding that Mr. Pitt never, as some have assumed, 
ceased to favor the liberties and respect the rights of the Amer- 
ican Colonies. He evidently desired to embody them in the 
British Empire, giving them equal powers and privileges with 
their brethren in England. He never proposed to conquer them, 
or thought it possible. He would have resisted and de- 
stroyed the power of France in Europe, and then would have 
won back the alienated Colonies by a restoration of all their 
rights, and thus made them a contented and happy part of the 
Empire which he had so loyally served, and which he desired 
so much to aggrandize and exalt. 



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